By Alexander Turcan
The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Malta. Their descendants are presently known as the Maghrebis. The Moors invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 711 and called the territory Al-Andalus, an area which at different times comprised Gibraltar, most of Spain and Portugal, and parts of Southern France.
The Lions Expedition takes place on the historic Al-Andalus territory.
While reading about the Moors invasion of Spain, I have stumbled across an interesting fact: apparently, the Moors have established a specific tax called the jizya that non-Moors (Dhimmis) had to pay to receive benefits. Having its origin in the Qur'an, it states Dhimmis who did not pay this tax, should either convert to Islam, or face the death penalty (Qur'an 9, 29). This tax, higher than the tax Muslims had to pay, was in several occasions one of the most important sources of income for the Moors kingdom. The jizya was not only a tax, but also a symbolic expression of subordination.